Jane Eyre By Charlotte Bronte - 1789 Words

Throughout the novel Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontà ©, Jane grows up a lot. When Jane was a young lady, she taught herself to be proper and virtuous. During her youth, Jane is often criticized by her aunt and made to feel miserable. She was never treated as part of the family and never recognized herself as such. She was very independent and self-reliant and her goal was to become a better person and more superior each and every day she spent at Gateshead. During her time here, we can see how she truly feels when, on page 22, she states: â€Å"†¦I cry because I am miserable,† and on page 37 when she states â€Å"...I hate to live here.† This adds to the evidence that she desired to live elsewhere and how she detached herself from her aunt and the relationships she endured at Gateshead. Jane is not only incredibly intelligent, but she is also imaginative and principled. She is a great example of a strong woman because she defies many of the restrictive social expectations that affected women throughout the period. While most women were kept from leading productive, independent lives because of the patriarchal forces at work, Jane headed out on her own. She went against the grain of finding a husband to ensure security for her future and instead decided she would make her own future. Jane learns many things throughout the journey that is her life. One fascinating and incredible thing about Jane is that she never misses the opportunity to really understand a lesson. She doesn’t miss theShow MoreRelatedJane Eyre By Charlotte Bronte1601 Words   |  7 Pagesfeminist, one must see it through the lens of the time and place Brontà « wrote it. Charlotte Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Jane Eyre was a feminist work in that Bronte expressed disdain for oppressive gender structure s through the voice of Jane Eyre, and the actions of Bertha Mason. Jane Eyre was a steamy novel for its time, with imagery as blatantly concealed as Jane’s description of Rochester’s hand as being â€Å"rounded, muscular; and vigorous†¦long, strong†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Brontà « 312) A modern reader might blush at the description and itsRead MoreJane Eyre By Charlotte Bronte1437 Words   |  6 Pagestools that depict history. One great work of art that portrays these constant struggles is Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontà «. While addressing social issues of a governess, Brontà « also tackles Victorian society’s corrupt and unjust ideals by using different settings and characters such as Mr. Rochester and Gateshead Manor. In Jane Eyre, the depiction of a rigid social class restricts the protagonist, Jane Eyre, from marrying her love, Mr. Rochester. Sadly, Jane’s relationship is also jeopardized by passionRead MoreJane Eyre By Charlotte Bronte1374 Words   |  6 PagesJane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte Within the specter of the Gothic fictions arises the atmosphere of gloom, terror, and mystery with some elements of uncanny challenging reality. One major characteristic function of the Gothic fictions is to open the fiction to the realm of the irrational and perverse narratives, obsessions, and nightmarish terrors that hide beneath the literally civilized mindset in order to demonstrate the presence of the uncanny existing in the world known rationally through experienceRead MoreJane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte781 Words   |  3 PagesThrough her trials and tribulations, Charlotte Bronte has kept her passion for poetry alive and remains as one of the most influential British poets of all times. Even though she is one of the most famous female writers of all times, she is mostly famous for her most popular novel Jane Eyre. Charlotte Bronte has experienced more tragedy in her life than happiness by losing her mother and all five of her siblings. But, in her moments of tragedy, she expre ssed her feelings through poetry. As a resultRead MoreJane Eyre, By Charlotte Bronte949 Words   |  4 PagesSurrounded by witnesses, Jane stands in front of the minister, poised to take her marital vows as the mystery of Thornfield unravels. Unbeknownst to her, Rochester’s actual wife, Bertha Mason, is within close proximity.The knowledge of Bertha, and the mystery, will pose as a test to Jane s morals and her character. Through Jane Eyre, a powerful Victorian-era novel, Charlotte Bronte portrays the role of women in Victorian society while masterfully solidifying Jane’s role as its polar opposite: anRead MoreJane Eyre By Charlotte Bronte1714 Words   |  7 Pages Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brà ¶nte voiced the radical opinions of Brà ¶nte on religion, gender, and social class. Jane Eyre, a young orphan who lived with her vituperative aunt and cousins, strayed away from the Victorian ideals of a woman and established a new status for herself. Jane Eyre was originally written in 1827 and was heavily influenced by the late gothic literature of the 19th century. Gothic literary aspects such as supernatural occurrences, mysteries and dark secrets, madness and dangerRead MoreJane Eyre, By Charlotte Bronte1620 Words   |  7 PagesIt is often said that it is the role of literature to challenge and confront the conventional values of a society. In the novel, Jane Eyre, by Charlotte Bronte the idea of challenging and confronting conventional values is stressed often. Perhaps it is in relation to the author herself, as seen in the autobiographical elements recognizable throughout the novel. Some of these autobiographical elements include the form of which the novel is written in, called Bildungsroman where the story is focusedRead MoreJane Eyre By Charlotte Bronte1203 Words   |  5 PagesThe nineteenth-century Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte is considered to be a gothic novel. Gothic literature took place mostly in England from 1790 to 1830, falling in to the category of Romantic literature. The Gothic takes its roots from previous horrifying writing that extends back to the Middle Ages and can still be found in writings today by many authors including Charlotte Bronte. The strong description of horror, abuse, and gruesomeness in Gothic novels reveals truths to readers through realisticRead MoreJane Eyre, By Charlotte Bronte929 Words   |  4 PagesIn Jane Eyre, by Charlotte Brontà « explores how Jane wants to find love--not just romantic love but to value and sense of belonging. The book challenges how the language of middle-class love affects the way a character’s self-identity can alter the action, how Jane sees herself later when she found love and sense of belonging as independent women. When Jane was a child she struggles to find her own identity Jane begins to change through her journey once she realizes her own identity and this helpsRead MoreJane Eyre By Charlotte Bronte1359 Words   |  6 PagesFollowing the ex periences of Jane Eyre, Charlotte Bronte, expresses many elements of gothic literature throughout her novel Jane Eyre. In her perfect understanding of gothic literature, she expresses the three types of evil commonly found in gothic literature, including the evil of the supernatural, the evil within or the instinctual evil motives of humans, and lastly, the evil because of societal influence. Jane Eyre experiences all of these three evils with her aunt and three cousins with her residency

An Analysis of the Urban Issue of Tuberculosisin the Bourough of Newham Free Essays

string(171) " for this reason that necessary intervention strategies need to be formulated and implemented to help reduce the rates of tuberculosis among individuals living in Newham\." 1.Introduction Tuberculosis is a very serious infectious disease that primarily affects the lungs, causing cough and breathing difficulties. The infection also causes systemic effects including fever, night sweats and weight loss (Ellner, 2011). We will write a custom essay sample on An Analysis of the Urban Issue of Tuberculosisin the Bourough of Newham or any similar topic only for you Order Now In some cases, the infection can spread beyond the lungs and affect the bone/joints, lymph nodes, abdomen and blood stream (Ormerod, 2003). The disease is caused by the bacteria mycobacterium tuberculosis (WHO, 2014), which is spread through respiratory droplets. These droplets are passed when an infected individual coughs or sneezes and the droplets become inhaled by another person (NHS, 2014). Despite this easy method of transmission, tuberculosis is not readily transmitted, and therefore is most likely to affect those in close contact such as family or household members (Castillo-Chavez Feng). Tuberculosis represents a significant risk of morbidity and mortality and represents a significant cost to society to treat and manage. Tuberculosis has particularly shown to be a problem in cities, whereby the rates of increase are greater than those of rural areas (Anderson et al. 2006). This essay will address the reasons as to why tuberculosis affects urban areas (the sick city hypothesis), and look in to why tuberculosis contributes to this urban health penalty. As an exemplar of an urban environment suffering from the burden of tuberculosis, this essay will focus on the London borough of Newham. Newham has a tuberculosis rate 8 times higher than the national average and 3 times that of London. This essay aims to investigate the aetiology behind the incidence, and to find ways of reducing the rates of tuberculosis among individuals in the London borough of Newham. The paper will include the intervention strategies and how they should be implemented in order to reduce the rates of new infections and encourage men to get tested and get early treatment before the spread of infection. 2.Tuberculosis in an Urban Environment Tuberculosis tends to be regarded as a problem of the past, and was responsible for 20-30% of all mortality in 17th-19th century Europe (Dye Williams, 2010). The incidence of tuberculosis declined throughout the 20th century (Watson Maguire, 1997), however, the disease has been slowly returning to London since the 1980’s (Great Britain 2008, p. 19). The problem seems to be worsening in urban areas. This is illustrated by the example of London, where 3,302 new cases of tuberculosis (TB) were reported in 2010 (Fullman Strachan 2013, p. 25), a figure that has more than doubled since 1992 (Anderson et al 2006). In 2006, the incidence of tuberculosis in London was 41.5 people in 100,000, a figure that represented the highest number of new cases in any major city in Western Europe (Anderson et al, 2006). Dyer (2010, p. 34) claims that the London borough of Newham is the most affected with some people already referring to it as the TB capital of the affluent western world. In fact , the rates of tuberculosis in Newham are currently higher than that in some impoverished countries. Vassall (2009, p. 48) suggest that Newham has 108 cases per 100,000 and Anderson et al suggest a 2001 figure of 116/100,000, figures that are more than half that in India (174 cases per 100,000) (Public Health England, 2012). Newham has a population of 308,000 with a population density of 85.1 per hectare as compared to 31 in central London (UK Census, 2012). These figures suggest that even in the populated city of London, Newham is an area of urbanisation, with a large number of people concentrated into a relatively small area. The increase of tuberculosis has been described as a ‘penalty for high density urban living’ (Dye 2010, p.859), likely due to the increased potential for transmission in overcrowding, and the increased rates of immigration to inner-city areas. Bhunu and Mushavabasa (2012) propose that tuberculosis thrives in conditions of overcrowding and poverty, issues that are common in urban areas. The high rates of tuberculosis in cities such as London, and areas of urbanization such as Newham, suggest that the incidence of tuberculosis is indeed an urban issue. Newham fulfills the criteria of high immigration rates and being an area of deprivation.. Newham has a diverse ethnic population, with 61% of the people being non-white (Farrar Manson 2013, p. 54). The population of ethnic minorities continues to grow along with the increasing numbers of refugees and asylum seekers in greater London. Another aspect of urbanisation illustrated in the borough of Newham is that of deprivation and overcrowding. Farrar Manson (2013, p. 16) claim that Newham ranks as the third most deprived borough in inner London. Most of the people here live in tower housing and overcrowded conditions that are the perfect condition for the spread of tuberculosis. There is a positive correlation between poor housing and poverty and the prevalence of tuberculosis, which is very clear in Newham as evidenced by the findings of 108 and 116 cases per 100,000 people (Vassal, 2009; Anderson et al., 2001). The aetiology of the issue of tuberculosis is highlighted when considering the distribution of the disease across Newham. The occurrence of disease is not evenly spread across the borough, with 70% of cases coming from Manor Park, Green Street and East Ham. These boroughs represent areas of population increase, overcrowding and higher levels of those living in poverty. Manor Park and Green Street also show differing dynamics of tuberculosis incidence, representing an overall increase of 40% since 2006 whilst all other areas of Newham either remained static or showed slight decrease (Malone et al 2009, p. 23). It can be seen that tuberculosis presents a significant urban issue, especially when comparing incidence in an urban area such as Newham to those less urbanised areas. Bromley has a population of 309,000 and a population density of 20 per hectare, in comparison to Newham’s population density of 80 per hectare (UK Census, 2012). Tuberculosis incidence in Bromley is between 0-19 per 100,000 compared to that of Newham, which is five times greater at 80-100 per 100,000 (Anderson et al., 2006). It is for this reason that necessary intervention strategies need to be formulated and implemented to help reduce the rates of tuberculosis among individuals living in Newham. You read "An Analysis of the Urban Issue of Tuberculosisin the Bourough of Newham" in category "Essay examples" 3. The Influence of Urbanisation on Tuberculosis Incidence While the global rates of tuberculosis are declining, the disease is showing steady increase in the United Kingdom. In 2012, 8751 new cases of the disease were identified in the country with 39% coming from London (Fullman and Strachan 2013, p. 43). Indeed London has the highest rates of the disease in Western Europe with Newham borough having the highest rates in the UK. Jindal (2011, p. 55) claims that the rate of tuberculosis in some London boroughs is more than twice higher than the threshold used by the world health organisation to define high rates. These higher incidences support the notion of a sick city hypothesis where there are greater levels of ill health than in rural areas, and may be due to the presence of factors in an urban environment that contribute to ill health (an urban health penalty). One factor that may contribute to the urban health penalty is that of immigration. Cities are easier to access than rural areas, provide areas of congregation and provide more facilities for immigrating families and individuals. The majority of individuals suffering from tuberculosis are people born outside the United Kingdom, with 75% of cases in 2003 being born abroad (Anderson et al., 2006). A reason for the high incidence in those born abroad but now living in the UK is exacerbated by the nature of tuberculosis. On initial infection, tuberculosis is confined by the immune system with only around 5% of cases experiencing symptoms within the first two years of infection (Narasimhan et al., 2013). The remainder of cases harbour a latent infection which may reactivate later in life, with about 10-15% of those infected going on to develop an active disease (Narasimhan et al., 2013). This insidious nature combined with the later activation of the disease explains why many people do not get the disease until later in life. It is likely that it is contracted in their country of birth, however then manifests much later once they have moved to the UK. Statistics indicate that over 90% of the residents in Newham diagnosed with the disease in 2011 were born outside the United Kingdom (Fullman and Strachan, 2013, p. 33). Among these, 50% arrived in the country in the last five years. In the same year tuberculosis diagnosis increased by 25% compared to 2010 (Fullman and Strachan, 2013), possibly as a reflection of the increased immigration. Additionally to a high immigrant population bringing significant disease burden from their countries of birth, London and Newham both represent many of the other issues of urbanisation and urban health penalty that can contribute to the high incidence of tuberculosis. Studies have shown that low vitamin D levels are associated with an increased risk of developing tuberculosis (Campbell and Spector, 2012; Chan, 1999). This is an important association in urban populations, as the living and working conditions foster less access to sunlight (the major source of vitamin D). Additionally, Asian immigrants present a problem of low vitamin D due to vegetarian diets, and a tendency to cover up their skin, not allowing to take advantage of the small amount of sunlight available (Chan, 1999). As previously mentioned, Newham is an area of both high urbanisation and with a large immigrant population, and 38.6% of the population being of Asian descent (London Borough of Newham, 2010). The immigrant population of urban areas such as Newham also present a non-vaccinated proportion of society. Whilst the BCG vaccine against tuberculosis was introduced in the UK in the 1950s and was shown to provide a reduction in risk of contracting tuberculosis (Colditz et al., 1994), those immigrating were less likely to receive this vaccination on moving to the UK. London also represents cases of tuberculosis that are socially and medically complex. As a hugely populated area, London includes those with HIV infection and presents other risk factors such as onward transmission and poor treatment. HIV is one of the most powerful risk factors for tuberculosis, with a incidence rate of 20 times higher in those that are HIV positive (Dye and Williams, 2010). People’s attitudes towards and access to healthcare also present a complex mix of factors which contribute to an increased incidence of many health problems, including that of tuberculosis. Those in impoverished areas have reduced access to healthcare, which may stem from many reasons such as complex needs, chaotic lifestyles, location of services, user ignorance, and language and literacy barriers (Szczepura, 2005). These can affect the disease process of tuberculosis from prevention, treatment of active disease, adherence to treatment and prevention of the health consequences. Especially problematic are misconceptions and a lack of understanding of the disease, leading to late presentation and delayed access to treatment (Figuera-Munoz and Ramon-Pardo, 2008) With the close living quarters in areas such as Newham, the spread of tuberculosis is facilitated. With poverty, poor housing and overcrowding, these areas concentrate several risk factors and lead to a greater spread of tuberculosis (Bates et al., 2004). These determinants therefore suggest that the incidence of tuberculosis in urban areas is a complex issue. Controlling and preventing tuberculosis in London requires effective social and economic tools that must be incorporated in the development of policies of control in treatment initiation. 4. Consequences and implications of tuberculosis on the general population Tuberculosis ranks with HIV/ AIDS and Malaria as one of the three main health challenges currently facing the world. The Commonwealth Health Ministers Update 2009 (2009, p. 41) indicates that 8 million new cases are reported globally each year. As previously mentioned, when combined with HIV, tuberculosis can prove lethal as the two diseases enhance the progress of each other. It is for this reason that tuberculosis is the major cause of death among HIV patients with the rate standing at 11% globally. The World Health Organization (2009, p. 27) indicates that tuberculosis is responsible for more deaths today than ever before, with approximately 2 million lives claimed by the disease annually. As well as the significant mortality contributed by tuberculosis, the morbidity of the disease can be extremely detrimental both socially and economically. Those with the active disease that are not receiving treatment have been shown to go on to infect 10-15 others every year (WHO, 1998). Those who do receive treatment face a long (up to six months) and complex treatment regime involving several medication side effects. This can affect adherence to the treatment regime, and lead to the disease developing a resistance to the treatment, with this drug resistant tuberculosis contributing to greater mortality and increased expense to treat (Ahlburg, 2000). As well as the significant morbidity and mortality, it is important to consider the economic impact of tuberculosis. The World Health Organisation estimated the cost to treat tuberculosis in 2000 as $250,000 US dollars (?150,000) in developed countries (Ahlburg, 2000). This presents a significant burden to the UK NHS, not to mention the time lost through not working which can dent the economy. London is a global world trade centre whose economy is shaped by global forces, particularly in terms of trade, labour and capital. As a gateway to both the UK and other parts of Europe and the rest of the world, London records a very large number of tourists and immigrant populations. This high number of people accelerates the spread of the disease as people carry it to the country from other parts of the world is indicated by the new infection patterns and is highlighted by the prevalence in immigrant populations. 5. Strategies and intervention for addressing tuberculosis Current UK guidelines for tuberculosis intervention were made by NICE in 2006 (updated 2011). The recommendations propose strategies for identifying those with latent (non-active) tuberculosis to prevent spread or reactivation and also specify criteria for treatment (NICE, 2011). Those recommended for screening for latent tuberculosis include close contacts of infected individuals, immigrants from high incidence countries, immunocompromised individuals, and healthcare workers. Whilst this strategy targets prevention of the spread of tuberculosis, they are only targeting specific groups, and it is likely in high incidence areas such as Newham, people will slip through the net. These guidelines have only changed minimally since 2006, and since then tuberculosis incidence has been on the increase in areas such as Newham, suggesting that changes may need to be made. High incidence areas of the UK such as Newham could learn from New York experience and copy the strategy it used in dealing with the disease. With the implementation of broadened initial treatment regimes, direct observed therapy, and improved guidelines for hospital control and disease prevention, the city managed to halt the progression of an epidemic (Frieden et al., 1995). As mentioned in the previous chapter, adherence to the lengthy treatment regime as well as a lack of understanding may contribute to the spread of tuberculosis. Directly observed therapy (DOT) involves observing the patient take each dose of their medication, with outreach workers travelling to their homes. Evidence from New York showed that through DOT, only 3% of patients in therapy were infectious, compared to a proposed 20% if not receiving DOT (Frieden et al., 1995). Current UK guidelines (NICE, 2006) do not recommend DOT, although they do state that it may be used in cases of patients with previous issues with adherence or at high risk. Although an expensive and time consuming process, if DOT can reduce infectious cases, this would also work as a preventative measure. There could be one allocated outreach nurse for the borough of Newham and other high-risk areas. Another method implemented in New York was the downsizing of large shelters for the homeless. These were breeding grounds for tuberculosis, and the subsequent reduction in overcrowding led to a decrease in transmission of the disease (Frieden et al., 1995). Whilst it is not possible to split people up from living with their families in crowded homes in terms of Newham, education about keeping those with tuberculosis from interacting with too many others in crowded conditions may be of benefit. The model should also borrow from those used by other cities like Paris and the rest of Europe in controlling tuberculosis with intervention at the level of the agent, individual and community levels. In Paris, Rieder (2002) suggested that prophylactic treatment could be used to prevent the disease occurring in those at risk, for example those in the household of an identified case of tuberculosis. Additionally, Rieder (2002) proposed that early or neonate vaccination be used especially in those in areas where tuberculosis is frequent, rarely diagnosed, and adequate contact examinations rarely feasible. It may be possible that in cases where lots of people are vaccinated that they may infer herd immunity and thus protect unvaccinated individuals from the disease. Once the populations have been protected and the incidence (number of new cases) of tuberculosis has been reduced, this allows for a reduction in the prevalence of tuberculosis (number of ongoing cases at any one point in time) with preventative chemotherapy that can treat sub-clinical, latent tuberculosis in the population. This preventative chemotherapy is likely to be extremely relevant to Newham due to the large immig rant population likely harbouring latent tuberculosis. On a country- or city-wide scale, these recommendations from New York and Paris provide excellent models for preventing the increase of tuberculosis any further. It is also important, however, to consider the individual communities in Newham, and to promote health awareness and an attitude towards taking responsibility for their health. Their needs to be an encouragement at the level of primary care where immigrant populations feel that they can approach healthcare, and education to encourage tuberculosis prevention and adherence to treatment. The strategy should be all-inclusive in order to encourage people to not only go for testing but also start and finish the treatment process. 6. Recommendations and conclusion Tuberculosis presents an important urban issue in the area of Newham. Incidence is greater than other areas of the UK, and is over half that of India. There are several factors contributing to this including a large immigrant population, crowding and overpopulation, access to healthcare and comorbid health problems such as vitamin D deficiency and HIV. The disease has considerable effect on morbidity and is responsible for high levels of mortality. Further consequences of the disease manifest as economic problems such as cost of treatment and loss of work. London and the UK already have policies and structures for controlling tuberculosis in place; however the implementation process is patchy across the city, and often dependent upon budget. In high-risk areas such as Newham, there is poor access of healthcare due to inaccurate beliefs on the disease, language and cultural barriers, and complex needs of the population. In the case of tuberculosis, these contribute to poor disease prevention, delayed diagnosis and poor treatment adherence. All of which lead to an increase in transmission and health consequences. The area of Newham would benefit greatly from further education into tuberculosis, how to look for signs and how to get treatment. Encouraging good relationship with healthcare professionals and promoting access to healthcare through outreach programmes and targeting pharmacies may be helpful. Additionally, Newham should look to employ techniques used in New York and Paris, including DOT, prophylactic treatment and neonate vaccination to reduce both the prevalence and incidence of tuberculosis. References Ahlburg (2000). The economic impact of TB: ministerial conference Amsterdam, WHO Bates, I., Fenton, C., Gruber, J., Lalloo, D., Lara, A. M., Squire, S. B., †¦ and Tolhurst, R. (2004). ‘Vulnerability to malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS infection and disease. Part II: determinants operating at environmental and institutional level’. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, vol. 4(6), pp. 368-375. Bhunu, C. P., and Mushayabasa, S. (2012). ‘Assessing the effects of poverty in tuberculosis transmission dynamics’. Applied Mathematical Modelling, vol. 36(9), pp. 4173-4185. Campbell, G. R., and Spector, S. A. (2012). ‘Vitamin D inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in macrophages through the induction of autophagy’. PLoS pathogens, vol. 8(5). Castillo-Chavez, C., and Feng, Z. (1997). ‘To treat or not to treat: the case of tuberculosis. Journal of mathematical biology’, vol. 35(6), pp. 629-656. Colditz, G. A., Brewer, T. F., Berkey, C. S., Wilson, M. E., Burdick, E., Fineberg, H. V., and Mosteller, F. (1994). ‘Efficacy of BCG vaccine in the prevention of tuberculosismeta-analysis of the published literature’. Jama, vol. 271(9), pp. 698-702. Commonwealth Health Ministers Update 2009. (2009). Commonwealth Secretarial. Dye, C., and Williams, B. G. (2010). ‘The population dynamics and control of tuberculosis’. Science, vol 328(5980), pp. 856-861. Dyer, C. A. (2010). Tuberculosis. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood. Ellner JJ. Tuberculosis. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman’s Cecil Medicine. 24th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2011: vol332. Farrar, J., Manson, P. (2013). Manson’s tropical diseases. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Figueroa-Munoz, J. I., Ramon-Pardo, P. (2008). Tuberculosis control in vulnerable groups. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 86(9), 733-735. Frieden, T. R., Fujiwara, P. I., Washko, R. M., and Hamburg, M. A. (1995). ‘Tuberculosis in New York City—turning the tide’. New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 333(4), pp. 229-233. Fullman, J., Strachan, D. (2013). Frommer’s London 2013. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Great Britain. (2008). Diseases know no frontiers: How effective are intergovernmental organisations in controlling their spread; 1st report of session, 2007-08. London: Stationery Office. Jindal, S. K. (2011). Textbook of pulmonary and critical care medicine. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers. London Borough of Newham, (2010). Community Leaders and Engagement, Manor Park Community Forum Profile [Online], Available:http://www.newham.info/research/CFProfiles/ManorPark.pdf [12 April 2014]. Malone, C., Beasley, R. P., Bressler, J., Graviss, E. A., Vernon, S. W., University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health. (2009). Trends in anti-tuberculosis drug resistance from 2003–2007 at Pham Ngoc Thach Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. (Masters Abstracts International, 47-5.) National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2006) [Clinical Diagnosis and Management of Tuberculosis, and measures for its prevention and control]. [CG117]. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Ormerod, L.P. (2003) ‘Nonrespiratory tuberculosis. In Davies PDO (Ed) Clinical Tuberculosis. Third Edition. Arnold: London. pp. 125-153. Public Health England (2012), World Health Organization (WHO) estimates of tuberculosis incidence by rate, 2012 (sorted by rate). [Online] Available at: http://www.hpa.org.uk/webc/HPAwebFile/HPAweb_C/1317140584841 [12 April 2014]. Rieder, H. A. (2002). Interventions for Tuberculosis Control, 1st edn. International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Paris, France. Szczepura, A. (2005). ‘Access to health care for ethnic minority populations’. Postgraduate Medical Journal, vol. 81(953), pp. 141-147. Vassall, A., University of Amsterdam. (2009). The Costs and cost-effectiveness of tuberculosis control. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. Watson, J. M., and Maguire. H.C (1997). ‘PHLS work on the surveillance and epidemiology of tuberculosis.’ Communicable disease report. CDR review 7.8, pp. R110-2. World Health Organization. (2009). Global tuberculosis control: Epidemiology, strategy, financing : WHO report 2009. Geneva: World Health Organization. World Health Organisation (2014). Tuberculosis. [Online], Available: http://www.who.int/topics/tuberculosis/en/ [12 April 2014] UK Census (2012), UK Census Data, [Online]. http://www.ukcensusdata.com/newham-e09000025#sthash.51Phmj6a.dpbs [12 April 2014] How to cite An Analysis of the Urban Issue of Tuberculosisin the Bourough of Newham, Essay examples

Goals of Smart Specialisation

Question: Discuss about the Goals of Smart Specialisation. Answer: Introduction: In order to improve or work on the skills, the SMART goal will be to actually focus on using the limited resources and producing better results. This can only be achieved by working more effectively and with critical analysis of the situations or challenges I face during decision making (Worden, 2014). Action plan: The action plan will be to follow the same guidelines as per the required policies and assist others as well in developing key skills to achieve their goals (Foray and Goenaga, 2013). Plan would also include the encouragement to work as a team instead of work on individual basis. My plan to grow and develop My personal plan for developing myself and growing in my own position include hard work and through bringing some innovation in my field. This is how I can improve and grow more productively in my professional career. Hosts Comments: Working as a manager in this company has helped me a lot to grow and learn. Also, they provide a competitive environment which keeps challenging you to achieve your goals. References Foray, D. and Goenaga, X., 2013. The goals of smart specialisation.Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Worden, J.M., 2014.An analysis of training focused on improving SMART goal setting for specific employee groups. EDGEWOOD COLLEGE.

Property Management Systems (Hospitality Industry)

Introduction Property Management Systems (PMSs) are essential tools in the hospitality industry. Hospitality industry is complex and has numerous challenges. Reservations, customer care and administration of hotels and resorts offer challenges that the management must confront in order to attain customer satisfaction, productivity and profitability of the establishments (O’Connor, 2004).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Property Management Systems (Hospitality Industry) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For this reason, PMSs are devised to manage the operations that take place in the complex hotel and resort environments. Therefore, PMS is an investment option that firms in the hospitality industry must implement. Technological developments have made various types of PMSs available for hotels at low prices (Deakin, 2004). This paper explores the functions, importance and structure of PMSs. In additi on, it includes a SWOT analysis of the use of PMSs in the hospitality industry. Finally, it considers some of the financial considerations that firms in the hospitality industry should consider before they integrate PMS systems in the management of their establishments. The paper focuses on hotels and resorts. Property Management Systems (PMSs) A property management system is software that computerizes the operations of resorts, restaurants, hotels and casinos. The automation of operations in these establishments includes the integration of back and front office activities and applications to enable full control of the entire establishments. A fully functional PMS system should be able to incorporate all value-chain parts within the establishment’s business network into one functional storage area (Ismail, 2002). Property Management Systems (PMSs) are significant components of business oversight mechanisms, and assist the management to oversee the operational activities of es tablishments (Bhattacharya, 2009). A PMS is a vital component of a firm’s decision assembly process. It is a group of application programs that are related directly to front and back office activities of hotels. Notably, the main activities that PMS deals with in hotel management include revenue, guest relationships and reservation management. Others are check-in and checkout, room condition and folio management. Consequently, PMS collects vital amounts of information that management can use to improve tactical, strategic and operational decisions. The management can also collect data from other sources due to the use of PMS. The management can obtain more data through customer relationships, electronic point of sales at outlets, the internet via hotels website or through loyalty programs (Karolin Hilary, 2011).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, PMS assi st in data management. Data management is of significant importance to the customer who seeks services and to the management of the hotel. In the hospitality industry, it is crucial for the hotel to know its customers. Moreover, the knowledge of customers is crucial as it is expressly related to the responsiveness of the customers. The PMS is the core data infrastructure for hotels and resorts. The PMS handles the management of all guests in the hotel, their profiles and check-in. Additionally, PMS handles the stay of customers in the hotel and the revenue generated in the hotel. Finally, PMS assists the management to coordinate the relationship the business has with clients and vendors. It enables the management to abide by laws and regulations that direct business and customers’ relationships (Berezina, 2010). Currently, many hotels worldwide use property management systems. This shows that many organizations have recognized the benefits of property management systems (Hart , Barinedum Benjamin, 2010). However, some organizations have not included the use of the software in management of their establishments. Such organizations have not determined the benefits of data in the formulation of business strategies. They have not determined the amount of data, associated with customers and management, obtainable from PMS and applicable in improvement of profitability and efficiency of their hotels. Structure and Complex Nature of Hotels and Resorts The overall structure of a hotel determines the management’s capability, the integration of technology in management of the hotel and the distribution of data in the hotel. Therefore, the organizational structure has a significant impact on the successful use of technology and information. The functional structures of many hotels are hierarchical. A full service hotel has numerous functional departments that include rooms, food preparation, sales and promotion, human resources, secretarial and public relat ions departments (Karolin Hilary, 2011). Hence, a functional management system that promotes efficiency is necessary. Efficient management of daily operational duties involved in management of a hotel is vital. Inefficient control of these daily operational activities can significantly affect services offered to guests and revenue collected by the hotel. Often, general managers have to invest much time and effort to gain functional control. However, business problems that hotels normally have in their daily operations usually have short lead periods.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Property Management Systems (Hospitality Industry) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These problems have to be solved within the shortest time possible. This presents problems to general managers. They cannot effectively address service-centered issues that occur spontaneously and at the same time focus on coordination of var ious departments of the hotel. Attempts by the general managers to address all these issues leads to decline in quality of standards of service delivery (WebRezPro, 2012). Therefore, guest service and hotel’s revenue can be easily compromised due to inefficient control of daily operational duties. Hotels require extraordinary level of interdepartmental cooperation to provide guest service of high quality. Organizational structures that many hotels use foster effectiveness within each unit of the hotel (Karadag Dumanoglu, 2009). However, such functional structures are weak in coordination of activities between the departments. It can take general managers a lot of time to supervise all the daily operational activities. In contrast, that should not be the case, since a resourceful administrator is also accountable for the profitability of the hotel. These complications necessitate the use of property management systems in hotels. Technical Complications in Hotels and Resorts H otels are technological units. Guests in hotels expect services of high quality within a short time. Additionally, they expect to receive access to internet, computers, entertainment systems and other appliances that are of high technology. The lobbies of many hotels have self check-in features and point of sale systems. Moreover, conference facilities are computerized and have projectors, computer stations, sound systems and technology that enable guests to hold video conferences (WebRezPro, 2012). Other technological features that modern hotels have include credit card terminals, customer management systems, online check-in systems and revenue management systems among others. These systems must interrelate to ensure that efficiency in operations is attained. Thus, the central reservation system has to align walk-ins and online reservations with telephone orders automatically (WebRezPro, 2012).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Implementation of a technology that can accomplish all these tasks efficiently is expensive. However, the benefit that it offers to the hotel is greater than its cost. These benefits justify the need for property management systems in management of hotels and resorts. A Comprehensive and Efficient Property Management System The use of PMS in the hospitality industry should increase efficiency in operations. Originally, PMSs were used in management of guest check-ins and checkouts, room management and reserves. Through the provision of these tasks, PMSs have ensured that there is no disorganization, inefficiency and inaccuracy in management (Brooks, 1999). However, the hospitality industry continues to be more complex. Therefore, a standard PMS must interface with other systems used by the management. It should have one platform that enables hotel staff to make updates and track changes and information (Bardi, 2011). Therefore, a standard PMS must have some basic properties or qualit ies. The PMS should be an intelligible, adaptable, strategic and a cutting-edge system. An Intelligible System The designs and functionality of PMSs have substantially improved, as they became fundamental parts of hotels. A PMS has to be user friendly. Hotel staff, including new staff, should be able to use the systems without difficulty. A standard PMS must have a logical navigation arrangement and a user interface that is streamlined (WebRezPro, 2012). A standard system used in the hospitality industry has to be flexible and accommodative. Moreover, it must allow collection of comprehensive, accessible and accurate data (Amizawati, Nik Muslim, 2010). Thus, it should allow staff to make accurate reports and manage accounts properly. Ultimately, a superior PMS system for the hospitality industry must improve guest service and increase revenue collection. A Strategic System PMSs enhance data collection and improve reports’ credibility and hotel’s relationship with cust omers. Furthermore, a PMS improves a hotel’s revenue control abilities. Reports are critical in the determination of appropriate strategies to be implemented in a hotel. A superior PMS has to be a strategic system (WebRezPro, 2012). It has to assist in the formulation of strategies such as channel supervision strategies. At the same time, it must improve a guest’s experience in a facility. Thus, an appropriate PMS should customize the stay of a guest in a hotel. In addition, it should enable development of e-promotion strategies. E-promotion strategies can be developed through the use of business intelligence gear and analytics. This can be done based on information collected by the PMS. An Adaptable System Operational and management efficiency is essential in both small and large hotels and resorts. Therefore, a PMS must balance with the amenities and size of an establishment. A small establishment may require a PMS that covers room reservations and online orders only . On the other hand, a hotel that has worldwide operations needs a PMS that manages various activities. Therefore, a PMS has to be adaptable to changes that take place in a business (WebRezPro, 2012). All businesses aim to grow. A small hotel must have a PMS that it adaptable to improvements in size, services and activities as it grows to become a large hotel. A property management system has to cater for hotels and resorts of different types and must not compromise efficiency (Amizawati, Nik Muslim, 2010). Finally, due to technological improvements, a PMS should enable centralized management of international hotels and resorts via a single database. This assists to smooth out activities across the entire group. A Cutting-Edge System Currently, the number of people who make online orders in hotels is high. Therefore, hotels and resorts must have websites. However, websites alone are not enough to improve efficiency. The websites must be linked to PMS to improve management and opera tions of hotels and resorts (Abhishek, 2008). Therefore, online orders made by customers must be automatically recorded in a hotel reservation records. The PMS should also be connected to third party service providers like tour agencies. Moreover, it should allow the use of mobile phones to make reservations. Integration of PMS with Property Management Enablers Integration of PMS with property-based applications in the hospitality industry is vital in improvement of functionality and benefits of PMS. Many organizations that have not integrated the PMS systems with essential applications suffer from misalignment hence inefficiency in management of the properties. Hotels can use Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) or standard-based integration to improve integration of PMSs and property-based applications (Cunnane, 2010). These two methods can assist hotels to integrate PMSs and management applications while at the same time reduce information technology related complexities. Integrat ion of PMSs with customer touch-points and operational modules is essential to operational and customer success in the industry. The major applications that hotels should integrate with the PMSs include revenue management systems, central reservation systems, customer relationship systems and inventory management systems among others. The integration of PMSs with these management applications indicate that focus in the hospitality industry shifts towards customer satisfaction (O’Connor, 2004). This further shows that PMSs are vital in attainment of customer satisfaction in the hospitality industry. Revenue Management Revenue Management Applications enable hotels to determine the suitable rates after the hotels have managed numerous occupancy scenarios. Integration of revenue management applications in the PMS enables hotels to increase gross margins. In addition, integration of revenue management applications in PMSs enables hotels to determine the proper pricing strategies. PMSs must enable formulation of pricing strategies that are based on customer trends, demand and competitive tactics (Cunnane, 2010). This is only possible if revenue management applications are integrated in the PMSs. Inventory Management Resorts and hotels must combine demand sensitivity analysis and inventory visibility. This assists them to maintain a balance in diversely priced inventory. Balance in diversely priced inventory enables hotels to offer discounts in overstock circumstances or charge higher prices when demand increases. Therefore, it is essential to integrate inventory management applications in PMSs. Through integration of an inventory management application into a PMS, a hotel can monitor and manage inventory levels effectively. The management can then use the PMS to forecast demand and make replenishments. Inventory management in hotels through PMS enables management of room availability. Moreover, a PMS that incorporates inventory management application optimize s other activities done in the hotel like food and beverage activities and tidiness (Cunnane, 2010). Customer Loyalty Hotels and resorts must integrate customer fidelity applications into PMSs. Loyalty applications allow hotels to utilize customer information to cross-sell services and goods based on the behavior of customers. Integration of loyalty applications in PMSs enables hotel employees to determine the expectations of customers since they access information on customers. This assists hotels to reduce costs associated with implementation of customer acquisition strategies (Cunnane, 2010). Customer Relationship Management Integration of customer relationship applications into PMSs is highly essential. The integration of customer fidelity applications into PMSs enables hotels to use PMSs to develop personalized direct promotions strategies (Cunnane, 2010). Thus, hotels are able to use PMSs to send emails and make SMS offers to customers. The integration of customer relationship applications into the PMSs enables a hotel to use one record of a customer across the entire hotel. Furthermore, it allows the hotel to update a customer’s profile based on behavior patterns. SWOT Analysis of Property Management Systems in Hospitality Industry A SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) analysis is a framework with which an organization can use to formulate a promotion strategy. It entails the establishment of strengths and weaknesses that an organization has. Additionally, in entails establishment of opportunities and threats that the same organization faces. Therefore, SWOT analysis reveals opportunities for development and vulnerabilities. It considers both internal and external changes in the environment of an organization. Strength is an organization’s resource or capacity that can be used to enable the organization to attain its objectives. Strength denotes the capacities that an organization has over its competitors. The use of pr operty management systems in a hotel provides the hotel with added advantages over competitors. Hotels that use property management systems are more efficient in their operational and management activities (Ljubica, 2012). Property management systems enable hotels to manage efficiently activities such as reservations, check-ins and checkouts, online orders and maintenance. Moreover, the use of PMS in a hotel improves collection of data on customers. The information can then be used to develop promotional strategies. The integration of management applications such as revenue, inventory and customer fidelity applications into the PMSs improves operational and management efficiency in hotels. Therefore, an organization that uses PMS in management of the entire establishment has competitive advantages over an organization that does not use a PMS (Bilgihan, Okumus, Khaldoon David, 2011). Weaknesses refer to limitations, faults or defects that an organization has, and that limit an organ ization’s ability to attain set objectives. They are the factors that the organization must overcome to be ahead of competitors. The organization must hide these defects and limitations from competitors. The use of PMS in hotels has certain limitations. Virus attack on computers can adversely affect the performance of property management systems. A virus attack on a hotel’s property management system can lead to loss of vital data. This can lead to rise of inefficiency in management of the hotel. Additionally, power failure may make staff to retype information previously typed. The same can affect a customer who was in the process of making an online reservation. This can demoralize the staff and irritate the customer. Finally, the other weakness is that some hotel employees do not know how to use the systems. The hotel also has to spend so much money to train staff on how to use the PMS. An opportunity in SWOT analysis is a favorable condition in an organizationâ€⠄¢s environment. An opportunity is normally a change or trend that can result into increased demand of an organization’s services or products. Opportunities enhance an organization’s position in the market or industry. The use of PMS enhances the position of hotels in the hospitality industry. Technological improvements like mobile technology can improve the position that a hotel holds in the hospitality industry. Such technological improvements can enhance the functionality of PMS. Hotels that use PMSs can take advantage of technological improvements to increase competitiveness (Bhattacharya, 2009). Moreover, technologically improved PMS assists hotels to reduce operational costs, increase revenue collection, monitor customer loyalty and devise promotion strategies. Cloud computing also presents an opportunity to hotels that use PMS. In SWOT analysis, threats are unfavorable conditions in an organization’s environment. Threats are conditions that can damage the strategies that the organization had adopted. They are constraints, barriers or external conditions that have the capacity to hamper an organization’s business activity. The use of PMS in management of hotels faces some threats. The competitors of a hotel can present stiff competition through implementation of hi-tech PMS. This can result into a reduction in the number of customers of a hotel. The hotel may not be able to acquire such hi-tech PMS hence the competitor’s PMS is a threat. Another threat can be the high cost required to train staff on how to use PMS system. A hotel can install a PMS to enhance the management of the hotel. However, it can be extremely costly to train the entire staff on usage of the system. Therefore, it brings about financial threat to the hotel. Considerations to Make In Installation of PMS Backup Power Sources Considerations Blackouts and loss of electricity supply are occurrences that can adversely affect operations of hotels and PMS. The management of a hotel that uses PMS must ensure that backup power supply is available. This can assist to minimize the possibility of data loss in case of sudden loss of electric power supply. Maintenance Agreement Considerations The management of a hotel must ensure that there exists a maintenance agreement before adoption of a PMS system. The agreement must inform the management of the hotel the costs associated with maintenance and repair of the acquired PMS. Financial Considerations The management of a hotel must consider the financial requirements associated with the use of a PMS. The decision to use a PMS in a hotel is an expensive investment decision (Deakin, 2004). The management must carry out a cost and benefit analysis to determine the feasibility of use of the system. The management must first determine the need for a PMS in the hotel. Secondly, the management must determine whether the applications in the PMS match the needs of the hotel. The management must then pr epare a budget that concentrates on the administration of all the units of the hotel. In this way, it is feasible to establish the costs associated with management of each department. Hence, it is possible to establish how much capital can be saved through the introduction of a PMS. The amount that can be saved must equal or be greater than the acquisition costs (Deakin, 2004). Additionally, depreciation rates and maintenance costs must be considered. Finally, a hotel must consider the payback period of the amount spent in the acquisition and installation of PMS. Conclusions Hospitality industry places much focus of daily operational activities on customers. The expectations of guests and their preferences evolve and this presents challenge to hotels and resorts. Therefore, it is critical to include technology in management of hotels and resorts. PMSs enable efficiency in management of hotels and resorts. Hotels and resorts have complex structures and uses of PMSs are essential. A s uperior PMS must include management applications like revenue management applications. The inclusion of these applications in PMSs improves guest experience, revenue collection and operation efficiency. Additionally, a hotel that seeks to install a PMS must conduct a SWOT analysis. The hotel must also consider other factors such as maintenance costs of the system and the financial implications that the system has on the hotel’s finances. Finally, a PMS that a hotel acquires should be a system that is strategic, adaptable and intelligible. References Abhishek, K. D. (2008). Internet service marketing in the hospitality sector – A case study of Vizergy Hotels. Management Science and Engineering, 2(2), 27-30. Amizawati, M., Nik Nazli, A. Muslim Har, M. (2010). An investigation on PMS attributes in service organisations in Malaysia. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 59(8), 734-756. Bardi, A. (2011). Hotel front office management. New Jersey : Wiley. Berezina, K. (2010). Top issues in PCI DSS compliance in hotels: An exploratory study. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology, 1(3), 218-233. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17579881011078359 Bhattacharya, A. (2009). What are the advantages of Hotel Property Management Software? Retrieved from http://www.articlesbase.com/software-articles/what-are-the-advantages-of-hotel-property-management-software-1061994.html Bilgihan, A, Okumus, F, Khaldoon, N. David, K. (2011). Information technology applications and competitive advantage in hotel companies. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology, 2(2), 139-153. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17579881111154245 Brooks, R. (1999). From the Hotel Property’s Perspective: The Network Computing Alternative. Retrieved from http://www.hotel-online.com/News/PressReleases1999_2nd/Apr99_PropertyPerspective.html Cunnane, Chris. (2010). Property Management Integration: Redefining the Role of PMS in Hospitality. Retrieved from h ttp://www.tblat.com/facebook/pdf/aberdeenpms.pdf Deakin, M. (2004). Property management: Corporate strategies, financial instruments and the urban environment. Aldershot: Ashgate. Hart, A, Barinedum, N. Benjamin, I. (2010). The uptake of electronic commerce by SMEs: A Meta theoretical framework expanding the determining constructs of tam and toe frameworks. Journal of Global Business and Technology, 6(1), 1-27. Ismail, A. (2002). Front office operations and management. Albany: Delmar. Karadag, E. Dumanoglu, S. (2009). The productivity and competency of information technology in upscale hotels. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 21(4), 479-490. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09596110910955712 Karolin, P. Hilary, M. (2011). An investigation of data management and property management systems in hotels. Tourism and Hospitality Management, 17(1), 101-114. Ljubica, G. (2012). Performance measurement system for process-oriented companies. The Business Review, Cambridge, 19(2), 136-143. O’Connor, P. (2004). Using computers in hospitality. London: Thomson. WebRezPro. (2012). Today’s Hotel PMS: Changing the way hotels do business. Retrieved from http://www.webrezpro.com/whitepaper/2012_02_16-PMS.pdf This research paper on Property Management Systems (Hospitality Industry) was written and submitted by user Raymond T. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Next Plc Competitive Analysis Essays

Next Plc Competitive Analysis Essays Next Plc Competitive Analysis Essay Next Plc Competitive Analysis Essay The objective of such an analysis is to investigate how the organisation needs too form its strategy in order to develop opportunities in its environment and protect itself against competition and other threats (Lynch, R 1997). The report will use the Porter Model to give an idea what kind of influences exists and how a company can deal with it. Fig. 3 Porter? s Five Forces Model Bargaining power of suppliers Source: see Chapter 7 To what extend have the suppliers of NEXT power over the company? In the case of NEXT the influence is limited because there are a lot of providers in this sector. If a supplier were to ask for an increase in his price, or for other better conditions, his customer could easily replace him in a short period of time. Therefore mutual dependence is rated low. Bargaining power of customers So far as the customer is concerned he has probably the most power because it is he who buys the product and spends his money. The impact of an individual buyer who goes shopping at a branch and seeks price cuts is likely to be negligible. However speaking more generally, if the phenomenon was multiplied by many thousands of price conscious customers who are not willing to pay the ticket price, management will need to cut prices to avoid losing sales. Because clothing is not very item specific a pullover is a pullover whether you buy it from NEXT or Marks and Spencer. The only way to attract consumers to buy a company? s products instead of the competition? s, is to add value, such as label, style, price or quality. But still there is no guarantee that NEXT will perform better than other clothing companies. The customer decides which product he likes not the company. Threat of new entrants to the industry A threat to NEXT are the new competitors entering the market. Maybe not the small ones because there is a lot of capital needed to go head to head with NEXT the threat comes more from the big labels, department stores or chain companies outside the UK. Companies such as Calvin Klein and Donna Karan, for example, have money, knowledge and the power to enter the clothing market in a short period of time. Both which opened their 8,000 to 10,000 square feet stores on New Bond Street or Ralph Lauren which opened his 45,000 square feet store in central London demonstrate how to infiltrate a rather conservative domestic market. Additionally, US catalogue retailers are venturing into the UK market. Lands? End, the ninth biggest mail order company in the US, had opened a subsidiary in the UK but also struggle from the strong rivalry, sales are down by 1. 9% to USD 143m (2000). Threat of substitute products or services Another threat in the eyes of Michael Porter is the issue of substitution. Speaking of the clothing retail market this problem is not a big issue. A pullover can be a substitute for a jacket, or trousers for skirts, but since NEXT is provider of all these items anyway so the impact of a substitute is limited. However the threat in this market is that NEXT fails to note these trends. The Customers would substitute NEXT with a trendier company if their products are not stylish, interesting or mainstream enough to attract customers or the timing is wrong. Rivalry among current competitors There exist a huge number of clothes retailer in the UK approximately over 25,000 combined with other outlets make them more than 45,000. This indicates a high rivalry between competitors. In this phase of the market cycle where there is more or less no growth, competition is often price-based and therefore very aggressive. To build customer loyalty with price cutting strategies is very difficult if not impossible. That means consumers are looking for the best offer with regard to price, service and quality. If NEXT wants to increase market share it must take sales from its competitors and that increases rivalry. So it is a kind of price spiral where companies have to cut prices to sell their products. This leads to decreasing margins and probably to less competitors. This can be seen in the grocery shopping sector where competition was such though that only a few big companies survived. Another issue are the high export exit tariffs. If a company like NEXT, Marks Spencer or CA want to leave the UK market it means they have to sell all their branches and get rid of most of their employees. This causes a lot of problems in terms of the relevant trade unions, bad publicity or cost for developing a social viability plan. These are some reasons why companies mostly stay in their known marketplace instead of leaving them for new opportunities

Analysis of Human Resources (HR) Department

Analysis of Human Resources (HR) Department We have chosen Al Futtaim group as the subject of our research. The aim of our research is to review the HR department and point out the weaknesses. To achieve this goal we will review the background and history will give us an idea about the achievements and/or obstacles that faces the company. Also, we will look at the organizational structure of the group and the key people who are managing it. It is important for our research to have a complete idea about the managerial practices and the HRM role in accordance with the other departments. We will evaluate the strength and weaknesses of the HRM and we will end our research with recommendations with for possible improvements. HISTORY AND BACKGROUND Al Futtaim group is a family business which was established in the 1930’s as a trading company. The owners of the group hold the upper management positions headed by Majid Al Futtaim as the chairman of the board of directors. The companies working within the group have developed q uickly and became a regional integrated commercial, industrial and services business located in the Gulf Area. Currently, the group consists of more than 40 companies dominating many market segments in the UAE, Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, Oman, Egypt and Pakistan. The group has four subsidiaries which are Majid Al Futtaim Properties, Trust, Retail, and Ventures. The group was created with a purpose of managing its subsidiaries and supervising the work in order to develop the business and achieve unified goals. The management’s promise is to respond quickly to the customers’ need and satisfy the group’s shareholders. Moreover the management gives its word to provide challenging opportunities for the employees in order to enhance their performance. Another promise is to serve the community, protect the environment and achieve a notable corporate social responsibility. (company’s official website) MANAGEMENT PRACTICES The Group consists of several core businesse s that complement each other, however they are separately managed. This strategy provides higher flexibility and better potentials because the separate operating divisions can grasp different opportunities. At the same time, different divisions work together on key projects and contribute, as a group, to the achievements and the profit. There are business agreements of cooperation and management within the group. The management relies on the differentiation of the retail brands in order to gain customer loyalty which in turn will enhance the sales growth and business development. (company’s official website) To face the market challenges, and because the group has large companies and diverse employees which serves diverse customer segments, the management has continually brought innovations and change to a conventional industry. The group declares that they are both; socially and environmentally responsible which has positive consequences such as increasing employee’s loyalty, ensuring growth and increasing profit. Moreover, the group’s strategy is built on creating a win-win situation for the organization, main stakeholders (such as employees and customers), and the communities where they are functioning. To achieve this strategy, the group has a well established HR department responsible for a large number of employees and workers.

Relationship Marketing in Top UK Airlines Essay

Relationship Marketing in Top UK Airlines - Essay Example All three have a website on the Internet and accept booking online. EasyJet and Ryanair have put low prices over customer convenience, while British Airways continues to put service above price. In 2001, the attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon reverberated throughout the world, especially with airlines because commercial aircraft were used in the attack. British Airways and other major airlines announced massive job cuts while the low-cost airlines surprisingly reported increased profits. Why would a company like easyJet outperform the giant British Airways Two possible reasons were development of deregulation and an open skies policy put into place which allowed low-cost airlines the freedom to compete with low 'no frills' prices (Discount airlines 2006). The idea was to eliminate unnecessary costs with customers paying much lower prices for tickets while giving up certain creature comforts (Welcome to Companion Website, 2001). The major reason for the success of low-cost airlines, however, was instituting marketing through the Internet, offering online booking for the first time. By 2002 Ryanair and easyJet had operating margins far above traditional airlines, including 45% more than British Airways. In the United States 270m people were utilizing 1000 low-fare jets with another couple of hundred on order. In Europe 410m shared 400 low-fare jets (Binggeli & Pompeo). While other low-fare airlines came and went, Ryanair and easyJet continued their popularity. By 2004, however, traditional carriers such as BA began to catch up to budget airlines. Intense competition and rising fuel prices caused plummeting share price at easyJet in May, and in an online analysis of the airline industry, it was found there was an increase in visitors to online sites for budget airlines, but traditional airlines showed a higher visitor rate (Cahill 2004), perhaps an indication of the growing connection between customers and business. In 2006, BA not only continues to be the leading international airline in the traditional market, it is surpassing the no-frills market with discoun ted prices and special deals through its web site. Customer satisfaction is a factor that leads to success in the current marketplace, and the airline that understands this will grow in popularity. Pros and Cons of Budget Airlines In the low-cost budget airline business, easyJet and Ryanair continue to be the largest companies in the European low-cost market. These pioneers were the first to utilise the Internet for online booking. They maximized assets by decreasing turn-around time at airports and ending free on-board catering. Ticketless travel and intensive use of information technology (IT) increased visibility (easyJet Case Study 2006). However, the major hubs that serve these airlines are Stanstet, Luton and Gatwick, not the most convenient airports. Wizzair and SkyEurope are new airlines in Central Europe flying into these hubs and are in competition with the low-cost British airlines. One

Rhetorically (Crazy Stupid Love) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Rhetorically (Crazy Stupid Love) - Essay Example One would notice in the movie how infidelity affects one’s way of life and leads characters into discovering its drastic effects and the host of alternatives people do to cope with the situation. In this regard, the objective of the essay is to present a rhetorical analysis of the movie by expounding on the message of the movie and its effectiveness in establishing audience appeal through logos, pathos and ethos. The conflict in the movie stemmed from Emily’s acknowledgement of cheating on Cal, devastating his perfect perception of his life and facing him in an ambivalent situation. While Cal and Emily had a romantic dinner she asked Cal for a divorce; stunning him and leading him into a situation where ethos is applied. He tried to convince Emily to think of their family and their love. On the other hand, Emily was actually also applying the ethical appeal to present to Cal that her infidelity justifies the divorce and therefore, despite her uncertainty for her true fe elings for the man she slept with, she was convinced that there was no other option but to part ways. In her argumentation, Emily actually used logos by rationalizing and justifying that by committing an unfaithful act through sleeping with a man, other than her husband, the most logical and rational recourse is to file the divorce. The audience’s emotions could actually side on Cal or Emily, depending on the personal perspectives, value system and cultural orientation. For people from the eastern culture who still do not accept divorce as acceptable in their society, the argument of Emily is unacceptable and therefore do not appeal to their emotions (pathos). On the other hand, for people from the western culture, who have learned to accept divorce as a way of life, like the office mates of Cal who even made fun of him when he cried his heart out, the contention that divorce is the only option available after an unfair relationship, is indeed the most appealing recommendatio n (pathos). Another situation worth examining is why, despite Jacob Palmer’s advice to Cal to get over Emily, to move on and start living his life, still is convinced that Emily is the only person for him. It was actually an understandable action at the onset that Cal would listen to Jacob by succumbing to his suggestions of changing his lifestyle by making him look younger, donning new and attractive clothes, and start dating other women to seek fulfilling relationships that would help him forget about Emily. Through the use of logos, Jacob, was actually successful in convincing Cal that if Emily could find somebody to replace him; then by all means, he should likewise find ways and means to forget and replace her. The audience could actually empathize with Cal at this point and through Jacob’s innuendos, he was also effective in manifesting the presence of using pathos to appeal to the emotions of the viewers and share in the journey of transformation for Cal’ s new life. Further, the move was likewise effective as Jacob was able to manifest ethos, or an ethical appeal as he convinced even Emily that she actually made a mistake of suggesting the divorce. By showing personality and traits that exemplify expertise in treating women and being highly competent in dealing with relationships, Jacob assumed a

Atomic Isotopes Essay Example for Free

Atomic Isotopes Essay Answer the following questions about the results of this activity. Record your answers in the boxes. Send your completed lab report to your instructor. Dont forget to save your lab report to your computer Reference Isotope Half-Life Chart Isotope ProductHalf LifeCarbon-14Nitrogen-145730 years Potassium 40Argon 401,280 million yearsRubidium 87Strontium -8 748,800 million yearsThorium 232 Lead 20814,010 million yearsUranium 235 Lead 297704 million yearsUranium 238 Lead 2064,470 million years Activity 1 Calibration Place your data from Activity 1 in the appropriate boxes below. Calculate the age of the calibration standards using the following information. Fraction of sample remaining remaining ppm of sample/initial ppm of sample Age of sample half-life value of isotope X number of half-lives elapsed Calibration Standard Initial ppm Remaining ppm Age of Standard Low Carbon-14 High Uranium-235 Explain if the instrument appears to be calibrated based on the data you obtained for the Low Calibration Standard. Explain if the instrument appears to be calibrated based on the data you obtained for the High Calibration Standard. Explain which would be the best isotope from the Isotope Half-Life Chart to measure a 3 billion year old specimen. Activity 2 Place your data from Activity 1 in the appropriate boxes below. Calculate the age of the calibration standards using the following information. The initial carbon-14 content of the tree specimen is 6 of the carbon-12 content of the specimen. The initial carbon-14 content of the insect specimen is 8 of the carbon-12 content of the specimen. The initial carbon-14 content of the bat specimen is 8 of the carbon-12 content of the specimen. Formulas Estimated initial carbon-14 content of carbon-12 ppm value (from above) X carbon-12 in specimen/100 Fraction of carbon- 14 remaining in sample remaining ppm of sample/initial ppm of sample Age of sample half-life value of carbon-14 X number of half-lives elapsed Sample Carbon-14 ppm Carbon-12 ppm Estimated Initial Carbon-14 Estimated Age of Specimen Tree Fossil Specimen Insect Fossil Specimen Bat Fossil Specimen Explain how you obtained the estimated initial value of the carbon-14 content. Describe if the age of the each specimen is likely a realistic value. You will need to use the web to evaluate the approximate age of the oldest specimen that is possible for trees, insects, and bats.

The Horses :: Literary Analysis, Muir

Read the following poem by Edwin Muir from The Faber Book of Beasts (pp.119–20). Then write a short essay of no more than 600 words explaining what the poem is about and consider whether you think the poem is more traditional or dissenting. The first part of this essay will analyse the meaning of the poem called The Horses, written be Edwin Muir. Initially it would be useful to understand what is meant by traditional and dissenting. Traditional: of, relating, or being tradition,(E. Dictionary, 2006). Dissenting: to have a disagreement or withhold assent, (E. Dictionary, 2006). Muir, came from an isolated place and lived around two world wars, (b. May 15, 1887, Deerness, Orkney, Scot.—.d Jan. 3, 1959, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, Eng), (Encyclopedia, Britannica, 2010). It is a tempting thought that living on a lonely island and through two world wars, heavily influenced him for the poem. Edwin Muir's poem 'The Horses' tells the story of a devastating war on mankind, perhaps that of a nuclear war, that has left the world on the brink of extinction, 'Barely a twelve month after The seven days’ war that put the world to sleep,' (Assignment, Book, 2008). Muir's poem could be seen to parallel Genesis(Old Testament),(Encyclopedia, Britannica, 2010). A good example of religious connotation of words, the seven days war, covenant, Eden and servitude, in the beginning and our father,' (Assignment, Book, 2008). When, Muir uses the word 'piled' in the sentence 'Dead bodies piled on the deck,' (Assignment, Book, 2008), One has the sensation that the poet wants to show the reader of the depth of disregard for the dead in the poem. It also clearly emphasises the chaos and destruction that the war has brought upon man and that there was no time for the simplest of burials. Muir, in being rhetorical, is showing that the survivors' need for a simpler life a purer life away from the existence of a technology driven society that caused the seven days war. The poem shows a strong sense of irony with, 'Our life is changed; their coming our beginning.' (Assignment Book, 2008). Muir, has used alliteration and this can be seen in the repeated f in, 'far past our fathers' land,' reinforces how much man has changed and returned to a past way of life and possibly a rhyme for forefathers when reduced to 'far...fathers,' (Assignment, Book, 2008).

Moving to a New Country

Moving to a foreign country might sound like a big adventure. One of the things that will happen when you go to a new place (even on vacation) is that you compare everything to how it’s back home. This means that you will compare food, quality of life, weather, people’s habits, beliefs, and ever thing between. Subsequently, moving to a foreign country is big terrible for some people, and it could be normal for others. Through my experience, when you decide to move to a new country or new place. you have to start with first step. Do not spend too much time thinking. For example; if you decides to move to Canada to complete your studies, get your first step by doing the Canadian visa. In addition, keep your personal and your family life separate. For example, do not stay in your back home because your personal’s life or your family. The goal of this point is don’t spend much time thinking, and that will help you to achieve your goal. Secondly, moving to a new country might be difficult especially when they don’t speak your native language, then you be stressed out. In addition to that, learning a new language could takes a long time so that you can understand their culture. For instance, when you move from Korea to Canada you will see new language and new culture. So, try to make your life there funny by going with your friends and that will make your time run quickly. Next, adapting with a new country or a new culture might takes a long time. Moreover, you need to learn every day about this new culture by talking and making friends. Also, try to going walk in your new city, and see their people, or try to have fun with your new friends. As an example, do not move to a new city to staying in your house that will make you feel boring. By following these steps you will feel you are in your back home and not expatriate. In conclusion, Moving to a new country could be difficult for some people and easy for some. You can find that easy by following some steps that will help you such as, speaking their language, adapting with their culture, and try making friends. I hope everyone adapts with his/her new life.

The Odyssey – the Role of the Gods

The Role of the Gods The role of the Gods is very significant in the Odyssey. The ancient Greeks believed that the Gods were the source of all ideas, and everything that happened, good or bad, happened because of the Gods. However after the Trojan War, Odysseus claimed to the Gods that he did not need them, and he came up with the idea of the wooden horse on his own. This is the sin of hubris and arrogance, one of the sins that angers Gods the most. It is because of this that Poseidon vows to show Odysseus that he is nothing more than a mortal man, and men need the power of the Gods to survive.However according to Zeus, Poseidon cannot kill Odysseus, he can only hinder his journey. It is because of the Gods that Odysseus’ journey home was, in fact, an odyssey. The main Gods that play a part in Odysseus’ journey home are Zeus, Poseidon, Athena and Hermes, however there are also some minor Gods and Goddesses including Circe and Aeolus. Each of these plays their own crucia l part in the journey of Odysseus. The role of Athena is to be a guardian to Odysseus, and to guide Telemachus.There are many ways in which Athena helps Odysseus: She is the one that persuades Zeus to free Odysseus from the island of Calypso, she also calms the stormy winds sent by Poseidon. Also, Athena appears to the daughter of King Alcinous in a dream, convincing her to wash her clothes so that she will discover Odysseus washed up on the shore. Finally, when Odysseus arrives home to Ithaca, she disguises him as an old beggar, so he can roam his kingdom unnoticed, and spy on the suitors of his wife. Athena also plays a crucial role in the life of Telemachus.When Telemachus wants to find more information on his father, Athena appears to him as a family friend Mentor, encouraging him to seek the wisdom of Nestor and Menelaus. She also sends favourable winds to help him on his way. The role of Poseidon is equally as important. It is his job to set obstacles and tasks to prevent Odys seus from returning home to Ithaca. When Odysseus blinds the Cyclops Polyphemus, Poseidon’s son, he swears vengeance on him. Poseidon destroys his raft, and one of his monsters, Scylla, eats six of Odysseus’ crew members.The rest of his crew are swallowed by Charybdis, Poseidon’s whirlpool. Finally, the roles of Circe and Calypso are to tempt Odysseus to forget about his kingdom, and more importantly, his wife Penelope. Calypso holds Odysseus prisoner on her island for seven years against his will. She encourages him to stay on her island forever and to forget about his kingdom of Ithaca. However she eventually lets him go on the orders of Zeus. The reason why the Gods put Odysseus through so much in the first place was because he was arrogant after the victory in Troy.The role of the Gods (particularly Poseidon) was to show Odysseus that all men need the Gods to survive. There was a point in his journey where Odysseus was reduced to nothing. He had no crew, no ship and he was in the power of the Gods. This is where he realised that men are at the disposal of the Gods, and he is no better than anyone else. As a result of his experience with the Gods, and his journey home, Odysseus learns to respect the Gods, he learns the true importance of his family and he learns to always be humble, and never become too arrogant.

Suicide Recognizing Symptoms and Helping

Suicide Recognizing Symptoms and Helping Mental Health Issues. Suicide Suicide is the act of intentionally killing yourself. Today, it is the second leading death cause among college students. According to statistics, 10% of college students have had suicidal thoughts or even have been making plans to take away their own lives. Most students, who manifest such thoughts and intentions, suffer from mental illnesses (most often depression), experience frustrations, worries, fears, and doubts. Even though many students can experience these symptoms without thoughts of death, its necessary to prevent or timely notice the frightening moment, when they decide to end their lives. Recognizing The Signs Even though suicide often seems to be a sudden act, its possible to notice the warning signals beforehand and timely help the person. These symptoms arent always clear, but they may include:Extreme level of hopelessness Depression and persistent negative mood Sudden change in behavior and character Avoidance of social activities Abrupt calmness after a long-term depression Talks of death and suicideMost college students who commit suicide suffer from a diagnosable and treatable mental disorder, such as severe depression, anxiety, or negative thoughts after a loss of a loved one. How to Notice Suicidal Behavior in Your Friend? Suicidal students often talk to their peers and express their thoughts. Therefore, you need to be attentive to those you communicate with. See if they manifest such signs as:Talks about their death suicide Threats of hurting oneself Frequent risky behaviors Withdrawal from friends, school, and social activities Depressive behavior and hopelessness Unwillingness to move on after a break-up Talks about the desire to relieve their pain forever Seeing any of these signs, be very careful. Patiently talk with this person and encourage him to get professional help. In case you suspect that your friend, peer, or roommate is suicidal but doesnt want to communicate, consult your campus healthcare providers right away. In emergency cases, call 911 or urgent care facilities. By expressing your concern in time, you might save this persons life. How Do You Know If You Are Suicidal? Be attentive not only to those around you but also to yourself. See if you manifest any of the following behaviors:Withdrawal from your friends and activities you enjoyed before Thoughts or talks about death and suicide Persistent feelings of worthlessness or hopelessness Depressive thoughts Relentless feelings of guilt Strong anger or anxiety Drug or alcohol abuseIf you have any of these signs, seek professional help. Share your thoughts with your friend or family member and ask them to accompany you to the specialist. Suicide Prevention Resources If you want to know how to deal with suicidal thoughts in yourself or your friend, you can ask help from your campus health center or any of these organizations:Active Minds contributes to the effective communication about mental wellness on college campuses, teaches how to prevent mental issues in students, and provides multiple services for those in crisis National Alliance on Mental Illness aims to enhance the lives of individuals who suffer from mental ailments, provides information on suicide prevention, and offers social support groups, 24-hour lifeline crisis chat, and text support line American Foundation for Suicide Prevention aims to provide education, support, and innovative research findings to prevent suicide National Suicide Prevention Lifeline is reachable through a toll-free number 1-800-273-TALK (8255); provides emotional support and assist family members and friends in risk prevention (all talks are confidential) The Trevor Project provides LGBTQ individuals with required emotional support and secure space to have a conversation, offers several channels for help and communication (their toll-free lifeline number 1-866-488-7386 works 24/7)Suicide is a serious issue. Nevertheless, you can prevent this tragedy if you dont nurture your negative thoughts and rather seek ways to deal with them. Remember that your life is the most precious thing you have. Value it.

Case study effective leaders Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Effective leaders - Case Study Example Often, the variation is attributed to the leadership as well as the type of people these two types of leaders govern. Extraverted leadership often involves commanding the center of attention by not only being outgoing and assertive, but also bold, talkative as well as dominant. Introverted leadership, on the other hand, involves listening to other people’s opinion before making any decision in an organization. In relation to this, the paper expounds on extraverts are not the best bosses. In relation to this description, it is apparent that pairing extraverted leaders with employees who speak out often result in a conflict. On the other hand, it is evidenced that paring introverted leaders with employees who speak out result to high productivity. In regard to this claim, one can affirm that introverted managers have the potential of maximizing the productivity of proactive employees. In other words, extraverted managers can only work best with passive employees. Unfortunately, passive behaviors are not important in a dynamic as well as uncertain economy (Analyzing Effective Leaders, 2010). Extraverted leaders are the main contributors of low innovativeness and activeness of employees. Such leaders often feel threatened by the activeness of employees; they fear employee proactivity. In tandem with this claim, it is evident that pairing of such leaders with proactive employees hampers with the success of an organization. In most occasions, proactive employees lose the morale of working hard when responded to in a less receptive way by an extraverted leader. Additionally, the poor relationship between extraverted leader and employees make employees mean in that they avoid sharing ideas that could enhance creativity and innovation. Personality conflicts in most organizations are also as a result of the practice of extraverted leadership. These conflicts frequently result to a power struggle within organization

Ehnancing level of engagement with performance with data in the Dissertation

Ehnancing level of engagement with performance with data in the allocation and use of Seychelles - would an integrated VFM code - Dissertation Example This culminated to extremely high debt ratios for this nation. Nonetheless, the government needs reforms in the public sector to curb the current problems it is facing. Reforms have been adopted in the various sectors and progress being followed by major bodies like the World Bank and UN Human Development. The allocation and use of resources in this nation shows a huge gap as compared to large nations. Russian being one of them has had adoption of better allocation of resources and aiding institutions develop performance indicators and institutionalize these in budget formulation (Diamond & IMF, 2005, 22). This exacerbates the dire need for evaluating value for money in government spending and finding insights in to areas that the VFM code is lacking and should be integrated. Analysis of the interview 1. VFM processes that are in use and how can they be enhanced through the adoption of a more integrated VFM based approach 67% of the respondents have outlined VFM practices in Educatio n sector. However, there is need to have monitoring unit and review process. 33% of the respondent stated that VFM and performance budgeting will be introduced in 2015. 33% of the interviewee have expressed that VFM is in use in the Auditor’s general office in Seychelles. The reduced number of staff however, is hindering the optimal function of this department. 2. VFM be integration into decision making and resource allocation cycles A SMART analysis is recommended by 33% of the respondent to be used in introducing performance budgets in the budget process. 100% of the respondents state that there is need to have a public monitoring unit or a reviewing body to review budget spending. 33% state that a specific department should be set aside for this purpose only. 3. Feasibility and desirability of the VFM model adaptation in Seychelles 100% response indicate that the integration of this model is a costly agenda but with time it will be fully inducted i.e. 2015. The need for a VFM code is highly vital as expressed by 100% of the respondents. 4. Challenges likely to be encountered and the scope for changes in this direction Ineffective monitoring and implementation unit Lack of good administration in analysis projects Cultural impact – acceptance and gradual change Funding for Research and implementation of the Model in full Bulk budget allocation 100% indicate that there is need to do thorough research in countries that have integrated VFM successfully. There will be gradual implementation of the model by 2015. 5. Form of an integrated VFM code for Seychelles The modest methods recommended are Cost benefit analysis; the 3e’s analysis and the trend analysis deferred form the confidence levels. However, the respondents do not have a clear method to be used. However, there are insights into doing research work in countries that have implemented VFM models successfully. Enhancing levels of engagement with performance data policy Definition of Va lue for Money Code Value for money’ is a term that is used to show an explicit commitment to enabling the best results possible are achieved from the money spent. In the UK Government, VFM has been used to depict a concern for more transparency and accountability in spending

Teen Suicide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Teen Suicide - Essay Example There could be several reasons why a teenager would end his life. It could be stress, depression, or pressure to perform or urge to achieve something. Sometimes problems in families like divorce of parents can also result in deep sense of shame and stress causing the teenager to get psychologically ill. Getting in to a new school or neighborhoods can also create pressure. The reasons for such an act are many and complex. When a person has tried all things in order to solve one's problems the ultimate way of escape seems to be suicide. Many teenagers who have attempted to commit suicide were interviewed; most of them wanted to get of a situation but did not want to die. However sometimes the stress of something, or feeling of loss or hurt is so great that it is difficult to overcome it. The feeling of disappointment is not easy to overcome and usually results in self-inflicted death. Suicide is one action which creates an emotional trauma in the entire family to unprecedented extent. When somebody in the family and especially teenagers commit suicide the whole family, friends and the people who might be related to the person in any way feel guilty. Most of the people believe that they could have done something in order to stop it. This sense of confusion and guilt usually sends other people in a state of depression. People who do not even know him, by just hearing the news get mentally upset. Though it is definitely true that the worst form of aggression is suicide, and it is also true that the victim gets punished the most; he loses his life. However, people who are related to him also get punished all life long. Such families usually get socially isolated. The families' friends are either in a state of shock themselves and do not know what to do or how to calm the teenager's family members, or in some cases they isolate the members and consider them as the cul prits. In such case, it is our duty to start communication with such people and help them in any way we could. Families are affected the most as they carry this burden all their lives (Kids Health, n.p). Anniversaries and birthdays are the most difficult part. Sometimes during the holidays when all family members are together, the sense of loss is often over bearing. This might cause tension in the family. However, the members of the family should see that everybody in the family is grieving. People have different ways of showing sadness, some might sit alone and quiet, others might show anger. However, family members should support each other and see that yet another suicide does not take place (Kids Health, n.p). The friends and the entire school body usually feel guilty. Teenagers usually spend more time with friends and in the school; hence it is normal that the friends will feel that they could have changed something in order to prevent the suicide from happening. However, victimizing ones self and others does not help and the entire school body should help each other pass through the difficult time (Kids Health, n.p). If the family, mother or the father sees that it is becoming difficult from them to cope with, they should always

Shakespeare quote Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Shakespeare quote - Essay Example In these lines Falstaff made a link between honor and physical coercions. The message he wanted to convey was that people indulge in a particular way because they are motivated due to the motivational factor of honor. He said that honor has harmful physical consequences for the person who is being motivated by honor. He states that he might indulge in war to respect his honor but this can cause serious harm to him and can even become a cause of his death. He says that when an individual is harmed during a war in which an individual is indulged due to honor, the aspect of honor becomes a waste and is useless. This is because honor cannot heal him or cannot cure his injuries. He believes and compares honor to air that an individual exhales when he/she is involved in saying a particular word. By this he means that honor is short lived and the life of honor is as small as the air that when has exhaled while saying a word. He further adds that honor is something that an individual receive s when he/she is dead and he/she cannot enjoy honor after death. By this Falstaff meant that people honor only those warriors who have lost their life in battlefield and those who remain alive are not honored. These words were spoken by Falstaff towards the end of the Act and the specific purpose of these words was to motivate people to refrain from indulging in war and fighting with each other on the basis of honor. These words are contrary to the values and morals that the entire Act or literary work of William Shakespeare was promoting. I disagree with the statement that Falstaff has made on the grounds that honor is something that we all should live for and abide by. If we will not operate with the objective of being honored by others, our lives will be worthless because we human beings are motivated to perform an action in order to develop a positive image of our self in the eyes of